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What causes a seabed deformation?

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Seabed geodesy
A guide to measuring 

seabed deformation   

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What processes are included in seabed deformation? We review three naturally occurring seabed deformation processes

What measurements can we make? We outline techniques, including GNSS-A, acoustic baseline ranging and AZA BPR, which enable centimetric measurements

Our instruments. We discuss the suite of instruments we use to monitor seabed deformation in depths as deep as 7,000 metres

How do you measure seabed movement?

What is used for monitoring?

In this white paper we discuss the techniques used to measure seabed deformation, the capabilities of our instruments for this, including considerations for their deployment. We also include several real-world applications showing the use of our technology.

Highlights of what's covered 
  

Techniques for measuring surface deformation on land are relatively mature, but how do you do this on the seabed? Satellite and laser-based systems don't work underwater, so other measurement techniques are required.

Case studies

- GNSS-A to evaluate earthquake and tsunami risk in the Cascadia Subduction Zone
- Baseline ranging to measure submerged
 landslip on flank of Mount Etna 
- AMT measurement of oceanic turbidity currents in Monterey Canyon